August 25, 2025

Category: Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

Mastering Direct and Indirect Speech Rules: A Comprehensive Guide

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Narration / Direct and Indirect Speech Rules

There are two types of Narration

  1. Direct Speech
  2. Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

In this context, the exact words of the speaker are put in quotes “.”
Ex:-

  1. my mother said, “I am playing in the field.”

In the above sentence, the speaker i.e.

My mother is known as a Reporter,

said is known as Reporting verb and

“I am playing in the field.” is known as Reported Speech.

Indirect Speech

In indirect speech, the speaker’s exact words are transformed and said or written simply.

Ex:- My mother said that she was playing in the field.

Basic rules to convert a Direct Speech to Indirect Speech 

Four basic elements of sentences have to be changed while converting Direct speech to Indirect speech.

  1. We change the reporting verb according to the reported speech.
  2. We remove the inverted commas from the direct speech and replace them with appropriate conjunctions or interrogative pronouns.
  3. We change the pronoun of reported speech accordingly.
  4. We change the adverbs of the Direct Speech to indirect speech.

He said to me,” he will go to the cinema hall tomorrow.”
He told me that he would go to the cinema hall the following day.

In the above sentence

Reporting verb ‘said to’ is converted into told.
Inverted Commas are removed & replaced with the conjunction ‘that.’
Indirect speech’s pronoun ‘he’ is not changed accordingly to pronoun changing rule are given below.
Reported speech’s verb ‘will’  changed into ‘would.’

‘Tomorrow’ is changed into “the next day or following day.”

Rules of indirect speech pronoun change examples

Nominative Possessive Objective Reflexive
I My Me Myself
We Our Us Ourselves
You Yours You Yourself
He His Him Himself
She Her Her Herself
They Their Them Themselves

Pronouns are changed accordingly to the given rule ‘SON.’

‘S’ stands for Subject ‘O’ stands for Object ‘N’ stands for No change.
I-                I/We II-               You III-             He/she/it/they
  1. First-person is changed into the Subject of Reporting Verb
  2. The second person is changed into Object of Reporting Verb
  3. No change is required if it is a Third person.

Direct and Indirect Speech Rule No 1.
The first person pronoun of Reported speech is converted into the Subject of Reporting verb.

Direct: He says, “I am studying in the twelfth standard.”
Indirect: He says that he is studying in the twelfth standard.

Direct: I say, “I am not a brilliant person.”
Indirect: I say that I am not a brilliant person.

Direct and Indirect Speech Rule No. 2.
The second Person pronoun of the reported speech is converted according to the Object of the Reporting verb.

Direct: She says to me, “You came late.”
Indirect: She tells me that I came late.

Direct: She says to her, “You left your work today.”
Indirect: She tells her that she left her work that day.

Direct: I say to them, “You don’t do your duty properly.”
Indirect: I tell them that they don’t do their duty properly.

Direct and Indirect Speech Rule No. 3.
The third-person pronoun of reported speech is not replaced.

Direct: He says, “He doesn’t read novels.”
Indirect: He says that he doesn’t read novels.

Direct: Everyone says, “They have made mistakes.”
Indirect: Everyone says that they have made mistakes.

How to change direct speech into indirect speech rules for changing verbs or tenses

Direct and Indirect SpeechRule No.1

If the reporting verb is expressed in Present or Future Tense, we don’t change in the verb or tense of Reported speech

Direct: The Principal says, “Katrina performs in the movies.”
Indirect: The principal says that Katrina performs in the movies.

Direct: The Captain is saying, “Katrina performs on the stage.”
Indirect: The Captain is saying that Katrina performs on the stage.

Direct: The Parents will say, “Katherine is dancing on the stage.”
Indirect: The teacher will say that Katherine is dancing on the stage.

Direct and Indirect Speech Rule No.2

The Reported Speech will be converted into the corresponding Past tense if the reporting verb is stated in the Past Tense.

Direct: The teacher said, “I am not working properly.”
Indirect: The teacher said that he was not working properly.

Direct: She said to me, “I didn’t take anything for breakfast.”
Indirect: She told me that she hadn’t taken anything for breakfast.

If the reporting verb is given in the Past, we change the sentence into the following reported speech tense changes in English

  1. Simple present (do/does) is changed into Simple Past (did)
  2. Present Continuous (is/are/am) is changed into Past Continuous (was/were)
  3. Present Perfect (has/have) is changed into Past Perfect (had)
  4. Present Perfect Continuous (has bee/ have been) is changed into Past Perfect Continuous (had been)
  5. Simple Past (did) is changed into Past Perfect (had)
  6. Past Continuous (was/were) is changed into Past Perfect Continuous (had been)
  7. In Future Tense, “will/Shall” changes into would
  8. Can is changed into Could
  9. May is changed into Might

Some exceptions are given below of direct speech to indirect speech conversion exercises:

  1. If a Reporting speech has been given with universal Truth, general truth, or habitual actions, no change is required in the Tense.
  • Direct: My class teacher said, “Two & two makes four.”
    Indirect: My class teacher said that two and two make four. (General truth)
  • Direct: My sister said to me, “He writes with the left hand.”
    Indirect: My sister told me that He writes with the left hand. (Habitual fact)
  • Direct: The teacher said, “ Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.”
  • Indirect: The teacher said that water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.

  1. If the reporting speech has Past Historical facts, there is no change in the Tense.

Direct: Our teacher said, “Asoka left the war after the conquest of Kalinga.”
Indirect: Our teacher said that Asoka left the war after the conquest of Kalinga.

If the Reporting speech has two main verbs happening at the same time

Direct: She said, “My mother was cooking dinner when I was watching a movie.”
Indirect: She said that her mother was cooking dinner when she was watching a movie.

If an imaginary sentence is stated, we don’t change the reporting speech

Direct: she said, “If I were a billionaire, I would donate the money.”
Indirect: She said that she would donate the money if she were a billionaire.

No change in the reporting speech, if the Reporting speech has action III form, to +infinitive, would, could, should, must, might, ought to, &, etc. There is no change in the Tense.

Direct: She said to him, “You ought to love your country.”
Indirect: She told him that he ought to love his country.

Time & place are changed into the nearest words while making an indirect speech

Here There
Now Then
This That
These Those
Today That day
To-night That night
Yesterday The previous day
Last night The previous night
Last week The previous week
Tomorrow The next day
Next Week The following week
Ago Before
Thus so
Hence Thence
Hither Thither
Come Go

 

Some exceptions in changing time & places of direct vs indirect speech examples with rules

  1. We change ‘come’ into ‘go’ if there is some word given after come that shows nearness.
  2. If “this, here and now” are used in front of the speaker, we don’t change them while making Indirect Narration.

Rules of changing in Indirect Narration for different types of sentences

  1. Assertive Sentences

Rule 1

  • If an object is not given after the reporting verb, we don’t change ‘said.’
  • If there is an indirect object (him, her, them, you, us, me) after reporting verb,  we change “say into tell, says to- tells and said to- told.
  • According to the context of reporting speech, “said to” may be replaced with replied, informed, stated, added, remarked, asserted, assured, pleaded, reminded, reported or complained, etc.

Rule 2

  • Inverted commas are changed into ‘that’ conjunction in affirmative sentences.
  • Change the pronouns according to the Subject of reporting speech

Direct: He said to me, “I shall play the guitar now.”
Indirect: She told me that he would play then.

Direct: He said, “My sister’s birthday  comes off next month.”
Indirect: He said that his sister’s birthday would come off the following month.

Type No 2. Interrogative Sentences: indirect speech questions conversion rules

Rule 1

  • An interrogative sentence is used to ask questions. Therefore, the reporting verb “said/said to” is changed into “asked.”
  • “Said to” is also replaced with enquired or demanded

Rule 2

  • If the question starts with helping verbs-  is/are/am, was/were, has/have, do/does, will/would, etc.,  “inverted commas” are changed to “if or whether.”
  • If the reporting speech starts with “Wh family word,” like who, whose, what, whom, when, etc., wh-words are used as conjunctions. After that assertive sentence is to be made. It means verbs- is /are/am, was/were, etc., are used after the subjects.

Examples:

  • Direct: My teacher said to me, “Do you know how to play the Guitar?”
  • Indirect: My teacher asked me if I knew how to play the Guitar.
  • Direct: Preeti said to her sister, “Did you complete your assignment yesterday?”

Indirect: Preeti asked her sister whether her sister had completed her assignment the previous day.

  • Direct: The Managing Director said to them, “Have you not completed this project yet?”
  • Indirect: The Managing Director asked them if they hadn’t completed that project yet.
  • Direct: I said to the cops, “When will this criminal be caught red-handed?”
  • Indirect: I enquired of the cops when that criminal would be caught red-handed.
  • Direct: He said, “How did she know these facts?”
  • Indirect: He asked how she had known those facts.
  • Direct: He said to the Major, sir, “Can I sort out the emails?” He said, “Yes.”
  • Indirect: He asked the Major respectfully if he could sort out the emails. He answered in the positive.

 

Direct and Indirect Speech Rule 4

Direct and Indirect Speech Rules for Imperative Sentences:

  1. Reporting verb “said to” is changed into the following verbs – commanded/ordered/requested/advised/begged/suggested/proposed/forbade/prohibited/ prevented + object, etc.
  2. To, not to + verb I form is placed with inverted commas.
  3. Respectfully is replaced with Sir/Madam
  4. ‘Said to’ is converted into requested when “please or kindly” is expressed in an imperative sentence.
  5. The negative sentence will be changed into “forbade or not to verb.”

Direct and Indirect Speech Rules and Examples:

  1. My father said to me, “Bring a glass of water here.”

My father ordered me to bring a glass of water there.

  1. My brother said to me, “Please help me with my assignment.”

My brother requested me to help him with his assignment.

  1. He said to me, “Don’t dance here.”

He ordered me not to dance there.

Or he forbade me to dance there.

  1. The Police officer said to the constables, “Run until I come.”

The Police officer commanded the constables until he came.

Use of let- how to change “Direct and Indirect Speech Rules”

  1. Request:
  2. He said to the parents, “Let me talk to you about it.”

He requested the parents to let him talk about it.

Or

He requested the parents that he might be allowed to tell them about it.

  1. Order:
  2. The Manager said to the new recruiters, “Let him tell.”

The Manager ordered the new recruiters to let him tell.

Or

The Manager ordered the new recruiters that he might be allowed to tell.

Use of Let us:

‘Let us’ is used to denote a proposal or suggestion.

He said, “Let us settle the matter.

He proposed that we should settle the matter.

     Look at some sentences related to Direct and Indirect Speech Rules for exclamatory sentences:

  1. Angel said, “What a pleasant waterfall on this wall!”

Angel exclaimed with joy that it was a pleasant waterfall on this wall.

  1. He said, “What a charming little girl she is!”

He exclaimed with surprise that she was a very charming girl.

  1. He said, Oh! She has lost his temper.

He exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her temper.

  1. My mother said, My God! “Finally, you have been appointed to a government position.”

My mother exclaimed with surprise that, finally, I had been appointed to a government position. Job.

  1. My friend said, “Happy Diwali!”

My friend wished me a happy Diwali.

  1. I said to them, Good morning! “

I bade them good morning.

  1. He said, ‘If he were my brother!

He wished that if he were his brother!

  1. Rajeev Bhure said, “Hello! What were they doing here?”

Rajeev Bhure greeted me and asked what they were doing there.

  1. He said, “Goodbye.”

He bade me goodbye.

  1. Students said, “Thank you.”

Students thanked me.

  1. I said, “What a marvellous shot!”

I exclaimed with surprise that it was a marvellous shot.

  1. Kareena Jakhmola said, “Hello, sir. Good evening!”

Kareena Jakhmola greeted sir and wished (bade) him good evening.

  1. The headmaster said, “What a dance you did!

The headmaster applauded that I had danced very well.

  1. Lata said, “Ugh! he was eating beef.”

Lata exclaimed with disgust that he had been eating beef.

Have a look at Direct and Indirect Speech Rules for Optative Sentences

  1. He said, “May God save us!”

He prayed that God might save us.

  1. I said to the shopkeeper, “May you forget your memory!”

I cursed the shopkeeper that he would forget his memory.

  1. My friends said to me, “May you join the Indian Army soon!”

My friends wished me that I might join the Indian Army soon.

  1. She said, “May King win the war!”

She wished that King might win the war.

  1. He said, “May you live long!”

I prayed that I might live long.

narration/reporting speech grammar exercises

  1. She said, “Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.”
  2. I said, “The sun rises in the east.”
  3. He said, “One must do one’s duty.”
  4. She said, “You should help your friend.”
  5. He said, “You were not intelligent in the class.”
  6. He said, “Time and tide wait for none.”
  7. He said, “A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.”
  8. He said, “I would rather die than beg.”
  9. My aunt said, “I would like to have orange juice.”
  10. She said, “I had better stay here for a while.”
  11. He said, “Do you know his address?”
  12. She said, “Why does he not play with us?”
  13. They said, “Let’s play hockey.”
  14. He said, “Let’s crash the party.”
  15. She said, “Don’t make a noise in the room.”
  16. He said, “Wow! He got selected in the Army.”
  17. She said, “Hurrah! You got the highest marks!”
  18. He said, “I have a cold.”
  19. She said, “May God help in your way!”
  20. They said,” Long live our nation!”
  21. He said, “May you live long!”
  22. She said, “I shall have completed my assignment by Sunday.”
  23. He said, “I shall be playing tomorrow.”
  24. He said, “Good evening, I have just brought funnel cake for you.”
  25. She said, “This girl is very beautiful.”
  26. He said, “Hello! Are you going to market?”
  27. She said, “Well done, boy! You got the reward.”
  28. He said, “Would that! I were an M.P.”
  29. She said, “Nonsense! You threw the food into the garbage.”
  30. He said, “May you fail in your mission soon!”

 

 

 

Mastering Direct and Indirect Speech Rules: A Comprehensive Guide Read More
Parts of Speech

Change the number in English: Noun and the Number

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Singular and plural nouns

Rules – Change the number in English

  1. ‘S’ is used at the end of a noun to make it into plural form

Boy – boys, car- cars, horse- horses

Studios, videos, ratios, bamboos, cuckoos, cliffs, dwarfs, proofs, mischiefs, beliefs, cafes

f/fe is at the end of a noun, add –ve/ves

wife – wives, knife – knives, hoof – hooves/hoofs

  1. Some nouns end with ‘y’, but consonant should be there before ‘y’, add – ies

Fly – flies

Babies, stories, cities, ladies, nurseries

  1. if the vowel is used before ‘y’ at the end of the noun

Monkey – monkeys

Keys, boys, days, rays

  1. If a noun ends with ch/sh/x/o/ss/s/z add –es at the end of a noun

Tomatoes, mangoes, Negroes, benches, watches, quizzes, taxes, boxes

Except:  stomachs, pianos, solos, kilos, photos, commandos etc.

  1. Some nouns are used in singular and plural forms without ‘s.’

Change the number in English

 

Singular noun Plural noun
Child Children
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Man Men
Woman Women
Ox Oxen
Datum Data
Mouse Mice
Louse Lice
Goose Geese
Memorandum Memoranda
Erratum Errata
Thesis Theses
Media Medium
Oases Oases
Index Indices/indexes
Synopsis Synopses
Maximum Maxima
Minimum Minima
Formula Formulae/formulas
Phenomenon Phenomena
Syllabus Syllabi/syllabuses
Stadium Stadia
Agendum Agenda
Criterion Criteria
Focus Foci/focuses
Axis axes
Bacterium bacteria
Bandit Banditti/bandits

Change the number in English

Some nouns are used in singular and plural form without changing a word: Change the number in English

Deer – deer

Sheep – sheep

Offspring – offspring

Fish – fish (if varieties of fish are mentioned, we can say fishes)

A deer is running in the forest.

Deer are grazing grass now.

A sheep is sitting there.

Sheep are walking in the fields.

Thousands of fish were sold in the market today.

 

The varieties of fishes were bought there.

  1. Collective nouns

It describes a group of people or things that work as a single unit.

Verb agreement rules with collective nouns

  1. Plural verbs are used with some collective nouns

Cattle, children, folk, gentry, People, peasantry, poultry

Children are playing in the park.

Cattle are walking around the field.

The folk nearby us are happy to see our performance.

People have become selfish.

People from all over the countries should maintain the social distance against the novel coronavirus covid 19. (‘peoples’ is used when we talk about all people of the world)

  1. Mostly, collective nouns are used with the singular verb to express the whole as a group. However, plural verbs are used with collective nouns when it describes the separations as a group member.

People: Committee, ministry, family, audience, crowd, mob, board, team, panel, police, jury, staff, gang, troop, band, council, horde, troupe, tribe, union, batch, assembly, army

Animals: herd, flock, swarm

Things: chain, volley, fleet, heap, pack

Examples:

My family was agreed.

Family members were not agreed.

The jury was unanimous.

The fleet was moving together.

The fleet were moving in every direction.

The police was running after the thief.

The police were patrolling all over the routes.

The staff agrees on this new rule.

The staff disagree on this matter.

The jury were divided on its verdict.

The committee are divided on this agreement.

Army works on the ground.

  1. Some nouns are comprised of two parts are used with a plural verb such as articles of dress, instruments
  2. Dresses:

Jeans, knickers, trousers, pants, pajamas, breeches, shorts, briefs, underpants, socks, shoes,

  1. Instruments:

Sunglasses, goggles, spectacles, tongs, pincers, binoculars, scissors, bellows, shears, scales, tools, glasses, dividers,

  • Some of the nouns end with ‘s’ and are used with plural verbs

Arrears, assets, alms, auspices, archives, amends, annals, ashes, belongings, customs, contents, credentials, congratulations, cards, earnings, embers, funds, orders, outskirts, proceeds, riches, regards, remains, surroundings, savings, upstairs, downstairs, tactics, thanks, wages

Look some sentences: Change the number in English

His goggles are very beautiful.

Spectacles are very costly.

Pants are out of fashion these days.

His credentials are very important to our record.

My savings are not enough to buy a car.

His tactics are very useful.

My surroundings are awesome.

Alms have been given to the beggar by my mother.

His transferring orders have been sent to his home.

Wages were paid to the laborers yesterday.

  1. Compound nouns

The noun, which has two or more words to make a single noun, indicates a person, place, or thing.

Compound nouns are formed in three types

  1. Open form functions as a unique word with space between separate words.

For example:

General Manager, chief minister, home minister, middle-class family, lower caste, upper caste

  1. Closed-form: two single words connect to make a single word without space and hyphen.

For example:

Software, terabyte, hardware, handloom eyelid, eyelashes, underwear, inkpot, Inkpen

  • Hyphenated form: two or more words with hyphens are called hyphenated.

For example:

Ten-year-old, father-in-law, mother-in-law

Ten-rupee- notes  (the singular noun is used in hyphenated form)

Rules of forming compound noun

  1. Noun + noun:

Eyelid, toothbrush, toilet paper, bathroom, railway station, Water Park, bed sheet, motorbike

  1. Noun + verb

Rainfall, haircut, sunshine, sun dawn, sunset, sunrise

washing powder, floating tube,

  1. Preposition + noun:

Undergarments, underworld, underground, overcoat

  1. Preposition + verb/ verb + preposition

Input, output, underwear, takeoff, look for, takeout

  1. Noun + Prepositional phrases:

Sister-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law

  • Adjective + adjective:

Red-green, red-orange, blue-green

  • Adjective + noun:

Software, hardware, malware, Greenland, black man, white man, Red Indian, black mamba, smart boy

  1. Adjective + verb:

Soft speaking, blunt-speaking, dry-cleaning, green light

Plural form of compound nouns: Change the number in English

  1. ‘s’ is used at the end of the noun word

Brother-in-law    –    brothers-in-law

Father-in-law      –     fathers-in-law

Assistant professor – Assistant professors

Major General    – Major generals

Commander-in- chief   – commanders-in-chief

  1. Possessive form for compound nouns

Apostrophe + s is used at the end of the compound noun

Ten-year-old’s toy, sister-in-law’s gift, brothers-in law’s property

  1. The singular form follows the nouns which denote definite numbers

Five hundred, ten thousand, three lakh, ten million, three billion, six dozen, five scores, two pair, three gross, three stone

  1. Indefinite numbers are used in a pluralized way

Thousands of people, millions of students

Billions of us dollars

  • When a Singular noun is used in a plural way, it provides different meaning such as
  •                                                           Change the number in English
Iron  (metal) Irons  (chains)
Work (labour) Works (literary writing)
Sand (material) Sands (desert)
Water (drinking material) Waters (sea)
Fruit (edible thing) Fruits (result)
Good (quality) Goods (things)
Abuse Abuses
Air Airs
Arm Arms
Custom Customs
Force Forces
Respect Respects
Physic Physics
Spectacle Spectacles
Advice Advices
Ground Grounds
Compass Compasses
Light Lights
Letter Letters
Practice Practices
Chain Chains
Pain Painsh
Humanity Humanities
Order Orders
Particular Particulars
Way Ways
Sand Sands
Word Words
Amend Amends
Manner Manners
Return Returns
People Peoples
Wood Woods

Some nouns are used incorrectly

Female compartment (x), lady compartment (x) ,  women compartment (√)

Lady doctor (x)  female doctor (x)   woman doctor (√)

Chairman (√),   chairlady (x),  chairperson (√)

English teacher (native English teacher of English)   a teacher of English is more formal than an English teacher for non-native English language speakers.

 Practice set I: Change the number in English

Write the plurals of the following nouns

Ox, calf, datum, sheep, mouse, foot, oasis, step-father, criterion, alumnus, mischief, hoof, wife, twelfth man, quiz, Negro, ray, lady, fly, commando

Practice II: Change the number in English

Write plural forms of compound nouns

Commander-in-chief, assistant manager, mother-in-law, Major-general

Practice III: Change the number in English

Write the singular of the following nouns

Data, loaves, teeth, women, lice, oases, criteria, indices, memoranda, maxima, synopses

Practice set IV: Change the number in English

Spot the errors

  1. The jury were agreed on its verdict.
  2. The board was divided over the issue.
  3. He got on the female compartment without seeing the reserve coach.
  4. He lost his goggle in the metro while talking on the phone with relatives.
  5. She is our chairlady of Appu Enclave.
  6. There was no place to keep my book in the almirah.
  7. I think more girls’ hostels should be built in Meerut.
  8. It seems that this laptop is not yours. It is somebody else.
  9. He gave me two thousand-rupees notes for my rent.
  10. All his brother-in-law are running a business and living in Kota.
  1. He transferred me ten thousands three hundreds rupees.
  2. I kept three dozens bananas on the table.
  3. It’s being difficult to find servants. I have to find three menservants for my farmhouse.
  4. Transfer Orders has been sent to him for the Jaipur location.
  5. Commander-in-chiefs ordered their battalions.
  6. A Thousand of students came out for a candle march in Nirbhaya’s rape case.
Change the number in English: Noun and the Number Read More
Parts of Speech

Understanding the Classification of Verb

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Verb

The verb describes an action, state, or occurrence and helps in making the predicate of a sentence.

Classification of verb:

  1. Auxiliary verbs (helping verb):

It always helps the main verb; that’s why it is called the helping verb, which expresses the tense of the sentence. Main verbs are always used according to helping verbs to express present, past, and future.

2. Ordinary or regular verbs (Classification of verb or main verbs)

  1. Types of Auxiliary verbs:
  2. Modals primary auxiliaries
  1. Primary auxiliaries (be, have, do):

The verb to be: is, are, am, was, were, be

He is playing football

Verb To have: has, have, had

To do:  do, does, did

  1. Two types of modals:
  2. primary modals b. marginal modals
  3. Primary Modals: Those add meaning to the actions which express request, permission, capacity, possibility, and obligation.

Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need, dare, used to

  1. He can beat you. (capacity)
  2. He may come. (possibility)
  3. Need you go there?
  4. Daren’t he play football with you?
  5. I usen’t/used not to smoke at a young age.
  6. Marginal modals:

Need to, dare to, used to, ought to

These are called semi-modals are used as actions (main verb).

“Need, dare, used to, ought to” are primary modals and marginal modals as well.

He doesn’t need to go there. (Need- Marginal modal)

He didn’t dare to say anything to them.   (Dare- Marginal modal)

He need not go there.    (Need- primary modal verb/modal verb)

He dared not say anything to them.   (Dare- primary modal/modal verb)

I didn’t’ use to play hide and seek.  (used to- marginal modal)

He used not to play ducks and drakes.  (used to- primary modal verb)

Types of main verbs (Classification of verb):

  1. Finite verbs

2. Non-finite verbs

3.  Transitive verb

4. Intransitive verb

 Classification of verb – Causative verbs (have, make, get, let): it refers to cause

Finite verbs:

There are two types of finite verbs

  1. Transitive verb b. intransitive verb

 Transitive verb: it has an object.

Subject + verb + object.

He helps the students.

They serve food.

He plays football.

Rahul is playing chess.

Intransitive verb (Classification of verb):  It doesn’t have an object.

Subject + verb + etc.

She knows. He plays. I don’t abuse.
He reads. They teach. They didn’t come.

 

  1. Non finite verbs:
  2. Infinitive gerund     c. participle
  3. Infinitive verb: he loves to dance.
  4. He started dancing.
  5. Participle: I saw him fighting at the railway station.

MAIN VERBS

 Verb 1st form Verb 2nd form Verb 3rd form
Acquire Acquired acquired
Acknowledge Acknowledged acknowledged
Awake Awoke Awaken
Abide Abode Abode/abided
Abduct Abducted Abducted
Accelerate Accelerated Accelerated
Accommodate Accommodated accommodated
Accuse Accused accused
Acquit Acquitted Acquitted
Adore Adored adored
Adhere Adhered Adhered
Adjourn Adjourned Adjourned
Affirm Affirmed Affirmed
Argued Argued Argued
Astonish Astonished astonished
Avoid Avoided avoided
Bake Baked baked
Bare Bared Bared
Beat Beat Beaten
Belong Belonged Belonged
Begin Began Begun
Bend Bent Bent
Bleed Bled Bled
Bring Brought Brought
Buy Bought Bought
Beget Begot Begot/begotten
Behold Beheld Beheld/beholden
Beseech Besought Besought
Betray Betrayed Betrayed
Bellow Bellowed Bellowed
Befit Befitted Befitted
Bow Bowed Bowed
Bob Bobbed Bobbed
Carry Carried Carried
Chop Chopped chopped
Collapse Collapsed Collapsed
Collide Collided Collided
Commend Commended Commended
Comprise Comprised Comprised
Compose Composed Composed
Conclude Concluded Concluded
Compile Compiled Compiled
Compete Competed Competed
Condole Condoled Condoled
Drag Dragged Dragged
Drop Dropped Dropped
Detect Detected Detected
Determine Determined Determined
Diagnosed Diagnosed Diagnosed
Descend Descended Descended
Defy Defied Defied
Deviate Deviated Deviated
Dream Dreamt Dreamt
Disguise Disguised Disguised
Disperse Dispersed Dispersed
Distinguish Distinguished Distinguished
Dive Dived Dived
Drill Drilled Drilled
Elect Elected Elected
Extend Extended Extended
Elapse Elapsed Elapsed
Embrace Embraced Embraced
Entail Entailed Entailed
Enable Enabled Enabled
Encroach Encroached Encroached
Eradicate Eradicated Eradicated
Emit Emitted Emitted
Enhance Enhanced Enhanced
Escape Escaped  Escaped
Expand Expanded Expanded
Exist Existed Existed
Excelled Excelled Excelled
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Fall Fell Fallen
Feed Fed Fed
Fell Felled Felled
Fill Filled Filled
Forsake Forsook Forsook
Freeze Froze Frozen
Fascinate Fascinated Fascinated
Foretell Foretold Foretold
Gaze Gazed Gazed
Get Got Got/gotten
Gargle Gargled Gargled
Glance Glanced Glanced
Graze Grazed Grazed
Groan Groaned Groaned
Grieve Grieve Grieve
Hesitate Hesitated Hesitated
Hear Heard Heard
Harvest Harvested Harvested
Hatch Hatched Hatched
Hinder Hindered Hindered
Hover Hovered Hovered
Imitate Imitated Imitat

ed
Impose Imposed Imposed
Initiate Initiated Initiated
Invade Invaded Invaded
Irrigate Irrigated Irrigated
Know Knew Known
Knock Knocked Knocked
Learn Learned/learnt Learned/learnt
Listen Listened Listened
Liberate Liberated Liberated
Lead Led Led
Make Made Made
Marry married Married
Meet met Met
Mend Mended Mended
Merge Merged Merged
Mock Mocked Mocked
Mourn Mourned Mourned
Nominate Nominated Nominated
Negotiate Negotiated Negotiated
Neglect Neglected Neglected
Nod Nodded Nodded
Open Opened Opened
Obligate Obligated Obligated
Occupy Occupied Occupied
Oppress Oppressed Oppressed
Pay paid Paid
Patrol Patrolled Patrolled
Penetrate Penetrated penetrated
Perplex Perplexed Perplexed
Persuade Persuaded Persuaded
Perceive Perceived Perceived
Perish Perished perished
Play Played Played
Plead Pleaded Pleaded
Possess Possessed Possessed
Pour Poured Poured
Prevent Prevented Prevented
Prohibit Prohibited Prohibited
Propel Propelled Propelled
Prevail Prevailed Prevailed
Pretend Pretended Pretended
Prescribe Prescribed Prescribed
Persist Persisted Persisted
Predict Predicted Predicted
Pounce Pounced Pounced
Quarrel Quarreled Quarreled
Quit Quit/quitted Quit/quitted
Rend Rent Rent
Rent Rented Rented
Raise Raised Raised
Rationalize Rationalized Rationalized
Rebuke Rebuked Rebuked
Recite Recited Recited
Rebel Rebelled Rebelled
Reap Reaped Reaped
Rectify Rectified Rectified
Reform Reformed Reformed
Reduce Reduced Reduced
Regret Regretted regretted
Refrain Refrained Refrained
Release Released Released
Reassure Reassured Reassured 
Rely Relied Relied
Repel Repelled Repelled
Resist Resisted Resisted
Ride Rod Rodden/riden
Settle Settled Settled
Sell Sold Sold
Sink Sank Sank
Sit Sat Sat
Spend Spent Spent
Shoot Shot Shot
Shake Shook Shaken
Sting Stung Stung
Strike Struck Struck
Speak Spoke Spoken
String Strung Strung
Starve Starved Starved
Summon Summoned Summoned
Swallow Swallowed Swallowed
Swing Swung Swung
Tear Tore Torn
Taste Tasted Tasted
Talk Talked Talked
Tell Told Told
Tease Teased Teased
Throw Threw Thrown
Trouble Troubled Troubled
Trample Trampled Trampled
Tie Tied Tied
Understand Understood Understood
Utilize Utilized Utilized
Work Worked Worked
Win Won Won
Wear Wore Worn
Walk Walked Walked
Write Wrote Written
Wet Wetted Wetted
Whip Whipped Whipped
Wipe Wiped Wiped
Watch Watched Watched
Wrap Wrapped Wrapped
Wring Wrung Wrung
Yield Yielded Yielded

           

Verbs that get you stuck                                                 

Present form I Past form II Past participle III
Arise Arose Arisen
Be Was/were Been
Bite Bit Bitten
Befall Befell Befallen
Blow Blew Blown
Bind Bound Bound
Bear Bore Borne
Bear Bore Born
Bid Bade Bidden
Cast Cast Cast
Choose Chose Chosen
Cost Cost Cost
Cling Clung Clung
Draw Drew Drawn
Drive Drove Driven/droven
Find Found Found
Fly Flew Flown
Flee Fled Fled
Forbid Forbade Forbidden
Freeze Froze frozen
Grind Ground Ground
Ground Grounded grounded
Burst Burst Burst
Hurt Hurt hurt
Bet Bet Bet
Hang Hanged Hanged
Hang Hung Hung
Bind Bound Bound
Bound Bounded Bounded
Lose Lost Lost
Lie Lied Lied
Lay  Laid Laid
Lie Lay Lain
See Saw Seen
Saw Sawed Sawed
Wind Wound Wound
Wound Wounded wounded

 

Exercise 1.

Write forms of the following verbs:

  1. Saw find
  2. Wind blow
  3. Bet bear
  4. Lose bind
  5. Bound hang
  6. Lie drive
  7. Lay choose
  8. Forbid wring
  9. Freeze tear
  10. Flee  fly

Exercise 2.

Rewrite the given sentences into negative and interrogative forms:

  1. I saw her.
  2. She took food.
  3. I wanted to go abroad.
  4. He forgot to return my pen.
  5. They lost their money.
  6. I found him dead.
  7. I shut the door.
  8. Nisha learnt how to dance.
  9. He stood herself.
  10. He grew the sugarcane in his fields.
  11. She speaks the truth.
  12. He has told a lie.
  13. I never follow saints.
  14. He has already gone there.
  15. He will get selected in Army soon.

Exercise 3.

 Complete the sentences with the following tense of the following given verbs :

  1. He ………. His wallet yesterday. (lose)
  2. She ………. The facts, when I met him. (conceal)
  3. When I saw her, she ……… backside to 9the door.  (hide)
  4. My friend never ……… me about her. (ask)
  5. His relatives ………. The matter. (know)
  6. He ………… Jaipur nowadays. (leave)
  7. This road ………… to Gurugram. (lead)
  8. He ……….. eighty years old. (turn)
  9. Tea ……… cold. (get)
  10. I …….. this novel last Sunday. (read)

 

 

 

Understanding the Classification of Verb Read More
Parts of Speech

Conjunctions: Definition, types & Exercise

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CONJUNCTION

A Conjunction connects elements of a sentence, such as words (noun or pronoun), phrases, or clauses.

The three types of conjunctions:

 

Subordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Subordinating conjunction is called dependent (or subordinate) clauses. Dependent clauses cannot use lonely. It depends on another one that is called principal (independent clause) or main clause. and is connected to make a complex sentence.

We can say Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.

Example: They got angry when it stopped raining.

Subordinating Clauses

After When Rather than Even if
If only As if Whereas That
Unless Once Because While
Although Whenever Since Even though
In order that As long as Wherever Though
Until Provided Before Within
As Where So that If
Now that As though Whether Without &besides

 

Examples

He had reached the destination before his father came there.

I am to see the Mughal Garden when it opens in March.

My relatives had gone before I reached the party.

I used to throw the party whenever I go to friend’s farm house. (Never use ‘will’ with whenever)

You can visit the famous places in Jaipur wherever you want to go here.

If you come on time, we can start our program.

Even if the National Museum is closed at 5 P.M, you could see the Akshardham temple in Noida.

 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect equal elements of a sentence. We connect adjectives, nouns, pronouns, and clauses with the help of coordination conjunctions.

FANBOYS is a trick to memorize coordinating conjunctions.

F  A N B O Y S
For And Nor But Or Yet So

Examples

You, he, and I are the best friends from college days.

I want to go on a world tour, but I don’t have the money to pay the charges.

Robin doesn’t take tea nor coffee.

Who would want to take juice or a soft drink?

I have been ill for three days, so I cannot attend the meeting at 10 A.M.

The weather is foggy, yet it’s pleasant.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Correlative conjunctions are used to connect similar parts of a sentence, such as adjectives, nouns, pronouns, and clauses. These conjunctions are the pairs of words to correlate two clauses or phrases equally in one statement.

As…………as Both………….and
Neither………….nor Not only…….but also
Not……………but Whether…………..or
Either………Or Hardly /Scarcely…………..when

Join the sentence using suitable conjunction

Examples
  1. Both ……. And: My wife loves both places and hills.
  2. Either …… or: It’s getting late now. Your sister should either go now or stay with her guardians.
  3. Neither …….. nor:  you like neither Katherine nor ema.
  4. Not only …….. but also: I will not only meet him but also stay with him.
  5. Whether ……. Or: I don’t think whether he likes water balls or butterscotch shake
  6. No sooner ……. than: he had no sooner reached the bus stand than my friend came.
  7. Hardly/scarcely ………… when: He had hardly finished his work when his friends came to him.

 

Note: The Correlative conjunctions are used in the parallel structure of the sentences

Have a look at another useful pair of conjunctions:

Conjunctions Use of conjunctions in the sentences
As………….as Luis McKnight is as talkative as his friend.
So ……… as: He is not so creative as my younger brother.
As ……… so As you sow so shall you reap.
Lest ………. Should Run fast lest you should miss the train.
Too ……… to

 

 This thief is too fast to catch red-handed.  (the thief is so fast that cannot be caught red-handed)
Rather ……. than I would rather do a job than do a business.
Same ……. That

 

 This is the same jacket that I l used to wear. (the verb is used after ‘that’)

I want the same mobile that you bought it.
Same ………as She has the same car as mine.

He doesn’t want the same bicycle as yours

Note: (‘Main verb’ is not used after ‘as’)
Exercise:

Spot the errors according to conjunctions

  1. She would rather climb the mountain to watch movies.
  2. Whenever she will cook food, you will appreciate her cooking.
  3. Either his relatives or my colleagues are stealing the information.
  4. Neither my brother nor his sister is helping each other.
  5. She didn’t talk to me since she went to a hostel.
  6. He hasn’t paid my bills since he has joined another company.
  7. She is not clever as her brother.
  8. You are so intelligent so your father.
  9. She orders as if she was my landlady.
  • He is a graphic designer but he thinks as though he was a philosopher.
  1. She walks as though she was an actress.
  • I met the same person who guided me.
  • I had the same jacket as I wore yesterday.
  • I don’t want to buy the clothes that yours.
  • We don’t have much time lest he fired you.

 

Conjunctions: Definition, types & Exercise Read More
Parts of Speech

Pronouns: A Comprehensive Guide to Using Them Effectively

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Pronouns are words used in place of nouns that are mentioned earlier in a sentence to avoid repetition of the latter.

Kinds of pronoun

  1. Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns to denote persons.

‘He, she, it, they, you, I, we.’

Subjects Objects Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns
I    (I person)

We

 Me

Us

 My

Our

 Mine

Ours
You (II person) You Your Yours
He  (III person)

She

It

They

 Him

Her

It

Them

 His

Her

Its

Their

 His

Hers(masculine possessive pronoun)

−

Theirs

 

(a.)Subject pronouns

Pankaj is studying now. He is very talented.

(b.) Object pronouns (indirect objects)

Atul presented me with a beautiful gift.

She provided me with some cash.

(c.) Possessive adjectives + noun

Sheetal is my friend.

(d.) Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns                possessive adjectives

Mine                                            = my + noun

Ours                                             = our + noun

Yours                                            = your + noun

His                                                 = his +noun

Hers                                              = her + noun

Theirs                                            = their + noun

Have you seen the jacket? That’s mine. = That is my jacket

This car is yours. = This is your car.

Hers is not green.

 

  1. Reflexive pronouns

These refer back to the subjects of the sentence or clause for emphasis.

Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns
I Myself
We Ourselves
You Yourself
He Himself
She Herself
It Itself
They Themselves

 

 Some following verbs are used reflexively.

Absent, acquit, adapt, adjust, address, amuse, apply, assert, avail, avenge, busy, cheat, enjoy, exert, hurt, introduce, present, pride, reconcile, resign

  1. He hurt himself.
  2. She resigned herself from the post.
  • My son introduced himself at the party.
  1. I enjoyed myself in the cinema hall.
  2. He enjoyed the film. (reflexive pronoun is used without object)

Some following verbs are used without reflexive pronouns

Bathe, conceal, hide, keep, move, qualify, qualify, rest, spread, stay, stop

  1. He has qualified himself for SSC CGL. (remove himself)
  2. She hid the money under the carpets.    (correct)
  • You kept yourself in the kitchen.   (remove yourself)
  1. I stopped myself from going to the pub.  (remove myself)

Reflexive pronouns are not used as a subject and object in the sentence

  1. Herself is going to Dubai. (use ‘she’ in the place of ‘herself’)
  2. She has transferred money for himself. (change ‘himself into him)
  3. An emphatic or intensive pronoun

what is emphatic pronoun?

It emphasizes the work which is done by the subject.

I myself solve the riddles.

She herself cooks.

  1. Demonstrative pronouns are used for nouns to indicate the objects.
  2. This, that, these, those, neither, none, such, etc.
  3. This is my rocking chair.
  • That was my dog which I sold last year.
  1. These are my favorite dresses.
  2. Those were not good glasses.
  3. Neither is allowed to go from here.

But if this/that/these/those/neither/none/such + noun is used, we call it demonstrative adjectives.

  1. This palace           That money
  2. Such a beautiful girl Neither girl

 

  1. Indefinite pronouns don’t indicate any specific noun.

It’s vague that is not definite.

Singular

Everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, Nothing, something, anything, either, neither, one, each, another, all + singular verb

  1. Everyone wants to live luxury life.
  2. Somebody ate my lunch.
  • No one is studying in the class.
  1. One should do one’s duty.
  2. Neither of them is going to coaching classes.
  3. Something has been stolen.
  • Nothing is chargeable.
  • All was destroyed by fire.
  1. Each has the right to live.

Plural

Much, several, others, both, few, fewer, many, some + plural verb

  1. Several returned home.
  2. Others are playing football.
  • Both are good in English.
  1. Few students were present.
  2. Many are absent today.
  3. Some are playing on the ground now.

Note: something, someone/somebody  + and Nothing, nobody/no one –

Somebody didn’t come.  (x)

Nobody came.   (√)

Nobody hasn’t done it. (x)

Nobody has done it. (√)

Any/anybody/ anyone is used in interrogative form

Does anybody know it?

Anyone goes there. (x)    Someone goes there. (x)

Is anyone going there?   (√)

An apostrophe is used with an indefinite pronoun to indicate a possessive case

  1. Is anybody’s relative live in Shimla?
  2. Somebody’s house has been looted.

Else is used with an indefinite pronoun to indicate other people or things

  1. We have taken dinner. Ask somebody else.

Ii.     Does anybody else need water?

  1. I think this is somebody else’s wallet.
  2. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.

‘Who, whom, whose are used for person and animal,

‘Which’ is used to indicate choice in persons or things,

‘What’ is used to inquire about the identity, object, event, or idea.

Who –subject, whom- object, whose- possession

  1. What is he learning nowadays?
  2. Whose pen is this?
  • What are you talking about?
  1. Who taught you English?
  2. Whom did he beat?
  3. Whose pen is this?
  • Who is the intelligent of the two students? (change ‘who’ into ‘which’ used for selection)

 

  1. A relative pronoun functions as a relative clause connecting the main (principal clause) and the dependent clause (subordinate clause).
Subjects Object Possession uncertainty
Who Whom Whose Whoever/whomever/ whosever ( use for person)
Which Which Whose Whichever (use for things)
That That – – (use for person and things)

 

Antecedent (noun/pronoun) + Who + verb

Antecedent (noun/pronoun) + Whom + subject + verb

  1. The boy who met me in the park was playing cricket in the stadium.
  2. My home, which was established in 1990, has been destroyed.
  • He’s an arrogant person, whoever his relatives could be.
  • He is the boy whom I met last Saturday.
  1. It is she who plays football.
  2. It is they who have stolen your luggage.

 

‘What’ is used without an antecedent that refers to things only
  1. I don’t know which he said to her. ( use ‘what’)
  2. She doesn’t believe in what he told her.

‘That’ is used as a relative pronoun; when anybody, somebody, nobody, the same, the only, all, none, much, animal + person, or superlative degree is given in the sentence

  1. All that glitters is not gold.
  2. He is the only person that can help me.
  • Nobody knows that he doesn’t want money in life.
  1. He bought much sugar that I had to lift on my back.
  2. This is the same pen that I bought it.
  3. The Parker pen that was bought was lost yesterday.

 

  1. Distributive pronoun definition :-Distributive pronouns are used to indicate one person or thing from a group. It is used with singular verbs.

        example of distributive pronoun:-Each, every, either, neither, none

  1. Each, every, either, neither + singular noun
  2. Each boy was present.
  • Neither girl took admission.
  1. Either boy stole it.  
  2. Each of, every of, neither of, either of, none of + the + plural noun + singular verb and his/her
  3. Each of the class teachers had his attendance register.
  4. Either of the wardens has lost his
  • Neither of the games is to be charged here.
  1. Neither either are used to indicate two things or persons
  2. Either of the two girls was present there.
  3. Neither of the legs was hurt.
  4. None, any used to denote more than two things or persons.
  5. None of the five students found their bags there.
  6. Any of the four girls was looking at him.
  7. ‘each’ is used for two or more persons and things
  8. Each of the two boys was intelligent.
  9. Each of the five members was corrupt.
  10. Everyone + more than two persons or things
  11. Everyone of the two girls was a liar. (x)
  12. Everyone of the four bankers was honest with me.
  13. As you know, none + more than two persons or things and neither + two persons or things
  14. None of the computers is working. (more than two computers)
  • Neither computer is working. (two computers)
  • None of our legs was able to move. (x)
  1. Neither of our legs was able to move. (√)
  2. Neither of the students was passed. (x)
  3. None of the students was passed. (√)

 

  1. Reciprocal pronouns express mutual relations between two or more persons doing the same activity.

Each other, one another, etc.

  1. Rahul and Sneha like each other.
  2. Good teachers don’t argue with one another.

 

 Some important Rules of pronouns
  1. Indirect objects follow prepositions and verbs
  2. Let me know.
  3. This secret should be kept between you and me.
  • I have told the truth to Rani and him.
  1. Everyone knows about her except me.

 

  1. If a pronoun is used after ‘It’  and the form of ‘be’; it comes in a nominative case
  2. It is they who have spoken the truth.
  3. It is us who went there. (use ‘we’ in the place of ‘us’)
  4. When various pronouns are used in a sentence
  5. mentioned good deeds: we should follow 231 order

You, he and I are going to join the library soon. (231)

You and he collected funds for an NGO.

He and I should help her. (31)

  1. mentioned bad deeds: we should follow 123 order

I, you, and she used to steal pens in school days. (123)

You and I will take a bribe from him. (12)

You and he have beaten his brother. (23)

  1. when various plural pronouns are used in the sentence; we follow 123 order

We, you, and they reached school on time.

 

  1. Use of Possessive case (possessive adjectives/possessive pronouns) and subject-verb agreement
  2. Possessive case and verb are followed by near subject; when two subjects are connected with

Either-or, neither-nor, none-but, not only-but also

Either the captain or team players are not taking their match seriously.

Neither teachers nor the principal is trying to face his students’ problems.

  1. The first subject follows possessive case and verb; when two subjects are connected with

Like, unlike, rather than, no less than, more than one, Nothing, but, but, except, besides, but, in addition to, with, as well as, along with, together with

Rahul, as well as his relatives, have returned to their country.   (change ‘have’ into ‘ has’ and ‘their’ into ‘his’)

Your friends, along with his relatives, are running their business in the U.K.   (correct)

Rohit, with his friends, has reached Mumbai. (change ‘have’ into ‘has’)

  1. A possessive adjective is used before a gerund

I believe in her winning.

He wasn’t confident of his getting good marks in the examination.

  1. Apostrophe’s is not used with possessive pronouns

Your’s faithfully (x)    yours faithfully  (√)

  1. Singular possessive pronouns (it/its/itself) is used with a collective noun when it shows the whole group together in meaning.
  2. The jury gave their verdict. (change ‘their’ into ‘its’)
  3. The Fleet reached its destination.
  • Children were weeping itself.
  1. When a collective noun is used as a subject and a group is separate in their decision, we use plural possessive adjectives and pronouns ‘they, them, their, themselves

The jury didn’t give their verdict.

  1. The possessive case is not used with some nouns, such as

Excuse, favour, leave, mention, pardon, report, separation, sight

  1. She begged your favour.   (favour of/favour from you)                .
  2. I forgot to mention her.
  • Her separation made me rich. (separation from her)

 

 

Pronouns: A Comprehensive Guide to Using Them Effectively Read More
Parts of Speech

Difference Between Reflexive Pronoun and Emphatic Pronoun

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There are several ways to get to know the difference between reflexive pronoun and emphatic pronoun, and provides examples to help you understand their usage.

Reflexive and emphatic are two types of pronouns that makes people often confuse. When these seem similar, they indicate different purposes and have different kinds functions in a sentence.

What is the Difference Between Reflexive Pronoun and Emphatic Pronoun?

Reflexive pronouns and emphatic pronouns indicate the subject of the sentence. However, these pronouns have different kinds of purposes . Here you’ll find the main difference between reflexive pronoun and emphatic pronoun:

  1. Usage:

We use Reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of the sentence functions the same. They indicate that the action is performed by the subject on itself. For example:

  • She cut herself while chopping vegetables.
  • They blamed themselves for the mistake.

Emphatic pronouns are used to emphasize the subject of the sentence. These pronouns are not necessary for the meaning of the sentence, but these are used to  add emphasis or intensity to the statement. For example:

  • I myself witnessed the incident.
  • You yourself told me to do it.
  1. Formation:

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding -self or -selves to the end of a personal pronoun. The reflexive pronouns are given below:

  • Myself
  • Yourself
  • Himself
  • Herself
  • Itself
  • Ourselves
  • Yourselves
  • Themselves

Emphatic pronouns are formed by adding -self or -selves to the end of a personal pronoun, just like reflexive pronouns. However, they are preceded by the subject and an appropriate verb. For example:

  • I myself saw the accident.
  • You yourself said it was easy.
  • He himself admitted the mistake.
  1. Placement:

Reflexive pronouns are generally placed after the verb or after the object of the sentence. For example:

  • She cut herself.
  • They blamed themselves for the mistake.

Emphatic pronouns are placed after the subject and before the verb or after the verb. For example:

  • I myself witnessed the incident.
  • You told me to do it yourself.

Examples:

Have a look to better understand the difference between reflexive and emphatic pronouns

Reflexive Pronoun Examples:

  • John cut himself while shaving.
  • Sarah reminded herself to buy milk.
  • We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
  • The cat groomed itself for hours.

Emphatic Pronoun Examples:

  • I myself completed the project on time.
  • You yourself said it was a bad idea.
  • He himself admitted that he was wrong.
  • She herself made the decision to resign.

FAQs:

  1. Can reflexive pronouns be used for emphasis?

Yes, reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis in some cases. For example, “I myself cut the cake” emphasizes that the speaker was the one who performed the action.

  1. What is the difference between an emphatic pronoun and an intensive pronoun?

Emphatic pronouns and intensive pronouns are the same thing.

 

Difference Between Reflexive Pronoun and Emphatic Pronoun Read More
Parts of Speech

6 Preposition Chart: Parts of Speech in English Grammar

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We use prepositions before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show the direction, manner, time, place, location, relationships, methods, source, and purpose, or introduce an object. Prepositions are the part of Speech in English Grammar.

 Rules For prepositions

Use of Prepositions of Direction

To In Into On onto
Preposition Chart
  • He came to me on Saturday.
  • He jumped into the river.
  • He is in the cabin now.
  • The ball goes into his hand.
  • I threw the notebook on the table.
  • His car jumped onto the Jeep.

Prepositions of Time

It is used to refer to one point in time. We use‘in’ with parts of the day (not particular times) and particular months, years, and seasons.

  • I go to a temple to pray in the morning at 5.
  • The weather gets hotter in June.
  • My father was born in 1960.
  • I got selected in UPSC in 2019.

We use “at”with the time of day—furthermore, we use “at” with noon, night, and midnight. (Preposition Chart of ‘At’)

At 7 A.M. At noon At night At midnight
Preposition Chart
  • He comes from the office at midnight.
  • My brother goes to the office at 9:00.
  • He does not take lunch at noon.
  • He seldom comes with me for an evening walk.

Use “on” with days and dates

  • He works on Sundays.
  • He goes to the office on foot on Saturdays.
  • I organized the party on 18th April.
  • My brother does the shopping on weekends

Time-expressing prepositions are used to refer to extended time

During From…..to From…until With
Within By Since for
Preposition Chart
  • I have been teaching English in Delhi since 2017.
  • My brother will be working on this project for two weeks. (He will work till two weeks)
  • I will have done my thesis by next year.
  • I have been studying at oxford university and doing part-time work during vacations.
  • I will teach in this institution from November to October.
  • He is doing B.tech from August 2021 until May 2024.
  • I will be google certified within three months. (Not longer than three months)

Prepositions of Place

We use the prepositions ‘in’ (to point itself) “at”(the quality or state being near the place), “on” (the surface), and “inside” (the inner side of something or surface that is contained).

  • They take lunch in the canteen.
  • She will have been waiting for him at the bus stop for an hour.
  • He doesn’t put his books on the table.
  • Keep this jacket inside the almirah.

We use some prepositions to indicate that an object is higher than a point.

 “over” and “above.”

Some prepositions are used to indicate an object lower than a point,

 “below,” “beneath,” “under,” and “underneath.”

Have a look at some examples below

  • The airplane flies over my house.
  • I placed my books above the rack.
  • Basements are dug below ground.
  • I don’t wear the inner beneath my shirt.
  • He stole money and hid it under the bedsheet.
  • I wore the inner underneath my jacket.
  • His showroom is above my sweetshop.
  • His office is over my house.
  •  

 We use some prepositions to indicate an object that is close to a point, “by,” “near,” “next to,” “between,” “among,” and “opposite.”

  • My home is by the gas station.
  • My home is near him.
  • The Hyundai service center is next to the Bikaner sweets.
  • His office is next to me.
  • Distribute these devices between you and me.
  • He sat between us.
  • I beat him among the crowd.
  • My English spoken institute is opposite the sweet shop.

Prepositions of Location

 Prepositions of location are used to refer to a location, use the prepositions “in”(volume or an area), “at”(for a point), and “on”( surface).

  • I live in the USA. (an area)
  • I will be studying at the computer lab tomorrow. (a point)
  • I saw a spider on the window. (a surface)

Prepositions of positions

To refer to positional prepositions are mentioned

Inside & outside Through
in front of, behind & Against Within
around beside and near
Off Out of
Across Along
from Toward & ahead of
Preposition Chart
  • The Bikaner sweets shop is across the street from the Oxford Institute.
  • I don’t have to see the jungle along the way.
  • I sat behind the curtain.
  • The zip of the bag is off.
  • Walk toward the fields and then turn right; you will see his farmhouse.
  • Kindly see the checkmark within the suitcase
  • He sat beside me there.
  • He rode the bike around me.
  • He stood against the wall.
  • He lied in front of me.
  • He has gone from office.
  • I hid the wallet under the notebook.
  • His shop is opposite my house.
  • He put the keys inside the drawer.
  • He is outside of his home.

Some Prepositions Are Followed by Nouns Verbs and Adjectives

Verb + Preposition

About: worry, complain, read

  • Students don’t worry about their careers. 
  • MY class teacher complained about the classwork.
  • He read about the future of cryptocurrency.

At: arrive, smile, look, stare, gaze

  • This bus arrives at the bus stop 5 minutes early.
  • She smiles at me.
  • He doesn’t look at the whiteboard when the professor delivers his lecture.
  • Why does he stare at me?

From: differ, suffer

  • My theses differ from yours.
  • She suffers from amnesia.

For: account, allow, search, look

  • This software allows for a new update.
  • One of my friends is searching for a new shop at the corner.
  • One of my friends is looking for a job in a multinational company.

In: occur, result, succeed

  • This incident occurred in three places.
  • My ideas resulted in finding new ways to crack the exams.
  • She succeeded in hiring new aspirants.

Of: approve, consist, smell

  • Judiciary approved of a new bill.
  • This product consists of three vital ingredients.
  • My room smells of mildew.

On: concentrate, depend, insist

  • My brother concentrates on his writing skills.
  • I do not depend on him.
  • Do you insist on him playing games?

To:belong to, contribute to, lead to, refer to

  • I belong to Suryavanshi Dynasty
  • She hopes to contribute to the fund for charity.
  • This road leads to my village.
  • The doctor examined the patient and assisted in referring him to AIIMS.

With: (dis)agree, argue, deal

  • he (dis)agrees with my proposal.
  • She agrees with me.
  • She doesn’t argue with me.
  • I always deal with difficult circumstances.
Some other Verbs are followed by Prepositions
Belong to Fight for Lead to
Rely on Believe in Plan on
Contribute to Fight against Love, like, need, want + to
keep from hope for  reply to
rescue from subscribe to Come from
invest in stop from spend on
consist of participate in thank for
benefit of blame for Get rid of
Preposition Chart

Adjective + Prepositions

Amazed at Shocked at Surprised at
Tired of Worried about Proud of
Based on Related to Famous for
Opposed to Satisfied with Eager for
Different from Necessary for Excited about
accustomed to  acquainted with afraid of
exhausted from interested in exposed to 
nervous about fed up with  serious about
late for good at guilty of 
qualified for  ready for  limited to
pleased with polite to eligible for
notorious for  immune to innocent of
incapable of inferior to dissatisfied with
sad about safe from bad at
capable of content with fond of
devoted to  unaware of Superior to
Kind to pray for  jealous of 
Preposition Chart

This jacket is different from mine.

Getting a degree is necessary for our career.

I am worried about it.

He is satisfied with his job.

He is famous for his skills.

I am eager for going there.

He is excited about his new car.

I am proud of my son.

He is opposed to me.

She was amazed at my performance.

This job is based on data analysis.

He was tired of being sorry to her.

This topic is related to equations.

Noun + Prepositions
the use of The cost of The price of The lack of
A solution to An increase in Influence on A supply of
Belief in The cause of A reason for A possibility of
Evidence of Danger of A method of Difficulty with
invitation to  trouble with  Used to example of
advantage of age, attempt, point  at need, reason, responsibility for need, reason, the responsibility of
Preposition Chart

I found a solution to lose weight.

He has a lack of knowledge.

I have got a problem with the supply of sugar.

The price of iron is increasing day by day.

There is a possibility of approving this project.

fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions with answers

  1. I have three books which are …….. the table.
  2. He jumped …….. the river.
  3. I am not satisfied ………. her performance.
  4. My friend goes to college ……… car.
  5. I didn’t want to look ……… him
  6. She is more intelligent ……… I am.
  7. One of my friends has been looking for a job ……. Ten days.
  8. My friend has known me …….. five years.
  9. Riya Chaudhary had been working in this company …….. 2010.
  10. He says, “he would rather die …….. beg.
  11. I prefer coke ……… tea.
  12. Chandragupta Maurya ruled ………. Magadha.
  13. She will come ……. Sunday.
  14. My father goes to the office ……… 9 o’clock.
  15. I met him ……. last weekend.
6 Preposition Chart: Parts of Speech in English Grammar Read More
Articles

Articles Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of English Articles

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Articles Quiz

My brother speaks ……. Truth.

I am going to …. theatre.

……Himalaya is the largest mountain series.

Is your friend ….. N.R.I.?

She is …. Intelligent.

Hint
Articles

…. Earth rotates on its axis.

He tells …. Lie.

…..Sun rises in ….. east.

Do you have ….. sheep?

 

Articles Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of English Articles Read More
Articles

Quiz of Articles in English grammar

adminby admin673

Welcome to %QUIZ_Articles

1. 
Articles
Fill in the blanks with a/an, where it is not necessary; cross mark (×):

  1. ….M.L.A.

2. 
2. …..oxen

3. 
3. …..eye

4. 
4. …… ants

5. 
5. ……effect

6. 
Articles
6. …….Indian farmer

7. 
7. ……N.C.C. boy

8. 
8. …….art

9. 
9. ……honest man

10. 
10. …… F.I.R.

11. 
11. …….typist

12. 
12. ……drive

13. 
13. ………university

14. 
Articles
14. ………million

15. 
15. …….honest

Hint
16. 
16. …….. R.J.

Hint
17. 
17. …….. N.R.I.

18. 
18. ………sheep

Add description here!

Hint
19. 
Articles
19. ………deer

Hint
20. 
Articles
20. ………cartoon

Quiz of Articles in English grammar Read More
Articles

Use of articles in English

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Use of articles in English

Definition of article

Articles such “as a/an and the” are the words that define a noun as specific (particular) or unspecific.

Use of articles in English

We use articles before nouns.

 Types of articles: definite and indefinite articles

Indefinite article  (A/ An) Definite article (The)

Indefinite articles : a/an

 Indefinite articles are used to indicate An unknown noun or indefinite person, place, or thing:

Indefinite article examples

I saw a woman in the park.

There was a lion there.

A strange man was standing in the street yesterday.

We use a/an article before common nouns when it is singular in form.

‘A’ is used before consonants sounds: (b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z)

A utensil, a university, a year, a European country, a school

 (a,e,i,o,u) (first sound from a,e,i, o,u)

‘An’ is used before vowel sounds:

An MBBS doctor, An S.D.M., An S.H.O., An MP, An Fir, An hour, An honest man, An N.C.C. boy, an heir, an heiress

Definite article: The

A particular or specified noun can say a known thing, person, or place.

Definite article examples

She is the girl whom I met yesterday.

He is the topper who got the highest marks in a university.

 This is the phone which I have bought it.

The tea of Assam is very good in taste.

The Gold of South Africa is not much expensive.

‘The’ is also used with:

Water bodies:

Rivers:

 The Ganga                               The Nile
 The Yamuna                            The Amazon
 The Brahamaputra                 The Missipi
 The Krishna                             The Huango ho                          
 The Kaveri                                The Kango
 The tapti                                   The Murray
The Koshi                                    The darling

Oceans:

The Atlantic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
The India Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
The Southern Ocean

S.E.A.

The Aral Sea
The Black Sea
The Red Sea
The Caspian Sea
The Dead Sea
The Mediterranean  Sea
The Sea of Galilee
The Salton Sea
The Arabian Sea

Canals:

The Panama Canal
The Suez Canal
The Saimaa Canal
The Ganges Canal
The Anupgarh Canal
The Ainsley Canal
The Manchester Canal

Deserts:

The Thar desert
The Gobi desert
The Somali desert
The Kalahari desert
The Arabian desert
The Karakum desert
The Sahara desert
The Kazilkum desert

Historical caste:

The Aryans
The Red Indian
The Negroes
The Eskimoes

Historical dynasties:

The Chandel Dynasty
The Chalukya Dynasty
The Chola Dynasty
The Gupta Dynasty
The Pala Dynasty
The Maurya Dynasty
The Magadh Dynasty
The Maurya Dynasty
The Pallavi Dynasty
The Rashtrakuta Dynasty
The Satavahana Dynasty

Historical buildings:

The Tajmahal
The Red Fort
The Pyramids
The Golchar
The Pancha Mahal

Historical event:

The French Revolution
The Battle of Panipat
The Civil War
The word War I & II
The Russian Revolution
The Industrial Revolution

Historical ages/period

The Middle Age
The Old Stone Age
The Victorian Age
The Elizabethan Age

Planets:

The Earth, the Mars, the Jupiter, the Saturn, the Neptune, the Venus

Historical buildings:

The Tajmahal, The Pyramids, The Winds of Palace, the Red Fort, The Amer Fort, The Jantar Mandir

Religious books:

The Geeta, The Ramayana, The Mahabharta, The Bible, The Quran, The Granth Sahib

Directions:

The east, The west, The south, and The north, the north pole

Name of countries:

The U.S.A. THE UK The U.A.E.

 

English Newspapers:

The Times of India The Hindu  The Indian Express

Magazines:  

The India Today The U.K. today The Caravan the Forbes India

Mount Ranges:

The Himalayas The Alps The Eastern Ghats the Vindhyas

No article before peaks of mountains:

Mount Everest Mount Fuji Mount Abu Annapurna Dhaulagiri and Nanda Devi

Gulfs:

The Bay of Bengal, The Bay of China, The Bay of Biscay

The Persian Gulf, The Gulf of Mexico, The Gulf of Guyana

The Gulf of St. Lawrence

Group Islands:

The West Indies The Andamans The Philippines the Laccadive Islands

Exceptions: no article before

Java Sumatra Ceylon Sicily

Musical instruments:

The Guitar The Violin The Tabla The Trumpet

The + adjective makes plural noun to denote class

The rich   = rich people
The poor= poor people
The blind= blind people
The wicked= wicked people
The honest= honest people

Note: the poors, the riches, the blinds are wrong expressions.

However, we can say:

A poor man A rich man An honest man A sick man

Superlative degrees:

The tallest man
The most beautiful
The most handsome
The longest river

The + language = nationality of people

The English= English people
The French= French people

Omissions of articles:

No article/zero article before:

Before the regular meal:

Dinner lunch breakfast

No article before

Airports railway stations streets  roads

 

‘The’ article is not used in some places if used for primary/general purposes. The following nouns are mentioned below:

 Home, bed, jail, university, court, sea, hospital, school, college, bank, temple, church, mosque, market and prison, work, bed, etc.

I go to school daily.

She goes to the temple.

I bought a teddy bear from market.

Note: if the purpose is not according to a place, we use ‘the’ article. For examples:

 I saw a thief coming to the bed.

His bike was stolen from the market.

He went to the hospital to misbehave with his uncle.

But ‘the is used before cinema, movie, picture, theatre, office, bus stop, and station, etc.

No article before hobbies:

Painting is her profession.

 Singing is his passion.

My father loves to do gardening.

Reading makes him happy.

Walking makes him healthy.

Talking with patients is good therapy for them

Dancing is the best skill to show emotions before the audience.

Conversing with foreigners is an art.

I love traveling.

He likes cooking on weekends. Colour

No article Before  disease:

Cancer and aids are the dreaded diseases.

Insomnia is a mental disease.

Asthma affects the respiratory system of the body.

The Mumps is a contagious and infectious viral disease.

 but ‘the’ is used before some epidemic disease

For example:

The plague is an epidemic disease.

The flu is an epidemic disease that infects the community rapidly.  

The measles is a viral disease. It spreads in the skin, causing a red rash.

 The rickets is a bone disease due to vitamin D deficiency. It makes weak children’s’ bodies.

 No use of articles in English for modes of traveling transports:

He went to school by car.

She goes by train.

He travels by bus.

He rides on scooter.

He commutes by bicycle.

Before the name of relations:

Brother will make payment.

Sister is about to come.

Mother is the only relation that has selfless divine love.

Note: sister and brother imply my brother, my sister (Place of the possessive adjective)

Season: No article is required while we denote that

I will come in winter.

She will start college in summer.

But if you need to say that I go to granny’s home in the summer season.

Exercise I ( Use of articles in English)

Fill in the blanks with suitable articles a/an, where it is not necessary; cross mark (×):

  1. ….M.L.A.
  2. …..oxen
  3. …..eye
  4. …… ants
  5. ……effect
  6. …….Indian farmer
  7. ……N.C.C. boy
  8. …….art
  9. ……honest man
  10. …… F.I.R.
  11. …….typist
  12. ……drive
  13. ………university
  14. ………million
  15. …….honest
  16. …….. R.J.
  17. …….. N.R.I.
  18. ………sheep
  19. ………deer
  20. ………cartoon
Exercise II:

Fill in the blanks with use of articles in English:

  1. Which is ……….. longest river in the world.
  2. Is your friend ….. N.R.I.?
  3. Do you have ….. sheep?
  4.  She is …. Intelligent.
  5. My brother speaks ……. Truth.
  6. He tells …. Lie.
  7. …. Earth rotates on its axis.
  8. …..Sun rises in ….. east.
  9. ……Himalaya is the largest mountain series.
  10. I am going to …. theatre.
  11. He saw …. Bay of Bengal.
  12. …. Geeta is a holy book.
  13. She is ….. SDM at Sardhana in Meerut.
  14. …… poor should be helped by …. rich?
  15. ……  Mount Abu is a mountain peak.
  16. Does your friend play ….. football?
  17. …… breakfast was got ready on time.
  18. I went to ….. school late yesterday.
  19. Didn’t you go ….. home?
  20. He is reading …….. newspaper.
  21. I saw …….. Red fort and ……… Amer Fort. And then I  saw  ….. guitar in …….. museum.
  22. ……. Ganga and …….. Yamuna are ……… longest River in India.
  23. ……… Pacific Ocean is ……… largest ocean in …… world.
  24. India could have won …….. World Cup 2019.
  25. ……… Suez Canal is the longest river in the world. Is there black water in …….. Black Sea?
  26. He didn’t go to …… office. I saw him in …… market to buy clothes.
  27. He sent to ….. prison charge of murdering.
  28. …….. Dinner was taken late at night, and all …..       guests enjoyed themselves.
  29. I went there left to …. right.
  30. …… plague is an epidemic disease, but ….. cancer is very dangerous disease.

 

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Use of articles in English Read More